On the Birds of Lewis, 1865
From a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Session 1865-66 (Vol 5), on the natural history of Lewis. See also the introduction and list of mammals, reptiles and land molluscs. The observations were made during a visit to the island – including at least Stornoway and Uig – in the summer of 1865.
On the Natural History of Lewis
by Professor Duns, DD, FRSE
Aves
Many of the birds came under my own observation. Others are named from a collection preserved at the gamekeeper’s lodge, near Stornoway Castle. Several of the rarest forms are among these. For the names of others I am indebted to Mr Liddle, farmer, Gress, an intelligent and trustworthy observer.
Falconidae & Cuculidae
Not fewer than ten species of Falconidae occur in Lewis, or in some of the islands on the east and west coast.
The Golden Eagle
The golden eagle is seen throughout the year; in winter singly, in summer often in pairs. The belief is common among the people that this species takes salmon, as well as hares and moorfowl.
The white-tailed eagle
The White-tailed Eagle, in its turn, poaches on the territory of the golden one. It has been often known to take lambs as well as salmon, and is said to have killed a fawn in Mhorsgail Deer Forest. The fishing osprey is more common than either of these. It nests in the Shiant Islands, and may not unfrequently be seen on the Uig coast.
The Jer-falcon
The Jer-falcon is only an occasional visitor. It is more frequently seen in the Flannen Isles, on the west coast of Lewis.
The peregrine falcon
The peregrine falcon is observed throughout the year. It is noted as a bold hunter and very destructive to young grouse. When pressed by hunger it will attack the old also. Its favourite prey is the rock pigeons, which abound on the west coast especially.
The Merlin
The Merlin was once abundant, but is now comparatively rare.
The sparrowhawk
The sparrowhawk is common.
The kestrel
The kestrel is not so.
The Snowy Owl
Two snowy owls were shot at the Butt in 1855, and one at Uig in 1859.
Barn Owls
The common and barn owls are comparatively rare. A good observer described to the author a species which he had once seen, as small, bare on the toes, brown above and yellowish below. The description suggested Noctua nudipes [Athene noctua] of Gould; but this is of very rare occurrence in Britain, and even on the Continent it is seldom met with north of lat 55°.
The cuckoo
The cuckoo frequently appears in the end of April, but its usual time seems to be from the 10th to the 15th of May. Writing of Rona, Martin makes the following note:-“The inhabitants of this little island say that the cuckow is never seen or heard here, but after the death of the Earl of Seaforth or the minister!”
Corvidae
Among the Corvidae, the raven and grey-backed crow are common.
Raven and Grey-backed Crow
Both of these birds are very bold, and destructive to grouse. The former not unfrequently attacks diseased sheep, and picks their eyes out before the animals are dead. Several of the latter have been seen to attack the female grouse, when covering her young, driver her away and fly off with a young bird each. Both build in the wild cliffs overhanging the sea, but they are often met with in the moors.
The Rook
The rook is rarely seen in Lewis. It is noticed only as an occasional visitor in the winter, and, when disturbed, takes flight in the direction of the mainland; yet there is abundance of food for it. Not only does the earthworm abound, but many hurtful grubs also. Cultivated patches were pointed out to me as having been destroyed by mildew, but on pulling up the plants by the roots, numerous wire worms of Tipula and Elator were seen.
The Jackdaw & Starling
The jackdaw is absent, but the starling, which in many of its habits resembles this bird, is very abundant. The starling builds in the holes of rocks, and seems to be much more particular about its nest than it is in the south. In Lewis it uses moss and wool as a lining, and is often seen on the sheep’s back, not feeding on the ticks, which it sometimes does, but quietly pulling out the wool for nest lining.
Turdidae
Six species of the family Turdidae occur. Of these the dipper is the least common.
The ring Ouzel
The ring ouzel is met with in summer. An interesting illustration of what might be called the adaptive power of instinct came under my notice in the little island named Pabba, near the Uig shore.
The Thrush
On the 15th of June 1865, when examining the rocks of the island, I met with a nest of the common thrush, containing four eggs. In placing it at the top of a sand-covered rock, over the edge of which long stalks of lyme grass drooped, the bird had availed itself of these for a kind of cradle for the nest. Indeed, some of the leaves were woven into the outer covering of the nest, which was thus hung out over the bank. In the Lowlands the favourite nesting-place of the thrush is a tree or a bush, but as these are of rare occurrence indeed in Lewis, the bird yields to circumstances, and places its nest in the hollows of the rocks, or on the top of sand-banks near the shore. In this case it had managed toplace it where it would swing in the breeze. The nesting time of the thrust in the south is in April and the beginning of May. These birds occur in great numbers all over Lewis.
The Missel-thrush & Redwing
The Missel-thrush and redwing appear in winter. In the south the former is most common, in the north the latter.
Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is well represented. Some members occur in Lewis, which we could not have expected to find.
The Garden-warbler, The Willow Wood-wren & The Gold-crest
I met with the garden-warbler, the willow wood-wren, and the pretty little gold-crest, in the plantation around Stornoway Castle. The age of the trees and bushes there is not great. These birds must thus have found their way thither after the plantation was made. It would be interesting enough if we could trace the path of their progress north, especially as they arrive only a few days later than those which frequent the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.
The Blue-tit
The presence of the blue tit is as curious.
The Pied Wagtail, Yellowhammer, Whinchat and The Redbreast
Of related forms the pied wagtail and yellowhammer, whinchat and redbreast, may be mentioned as not common.
The Lark
The lark may be named the bird of Lewis. On every moor, in every cultivated spot, inland or along the shore, wherever there is a bit of turf, you meet this bird.
Starlings
Some have thought that the increase of starlings in the Lowlands has thinned the number of larks. In Lewis both are very abundant.
Fringillidae
Among the Fringillidae, perhaps the least common is the house-sparrow.
The Sparrow
“A pair of sparrows,” says James Wilson, in the work referred to above, “built in Stornoway in 1833, but we did not see their descendants in 1841.” I believe that the date of the introduction of the sparrow into Lewis is correct. They are now spread all over the country; but in few localities, except in Stornoway, do they breed in the eves and thatch of houses. Even the sparrow turns away from the wretched huts in which the majority of the people dwell. Here, again, we have an illustration of the influence of habit on instinct. Were a sparrow to build a next in the thatch of one of these wretched hovels, it would be almost sure to be destroyed when the eggs were dropped. To prevent the escape of smoke almost all the huts are built without a chimney. Windows occur is very few of them, and the doors are smaller than those of cottages in the Lowlands. The object of this is to direct the peat smoke into the loose thatch, in which the soot may lodge. In spring this part of the covering is taken off, and spread over the “lazy beds,” in which barley and green crops are to be raised. Thus manured, they yield abundant crops. The sparrow has been taught the uncertainty of tenure in such roofs, and buids its nest in the holes of rocks instead of the habitations of man.
Columbidae
The Columbidae are represented by the rock-pigeon and the wood-pigeon.
The Rock-pigeon, The wood-pigeon & The Turtle Dove
The former is very abundant; the latter is only seen occasionally in spring or in autumn. Some years ago one of Sir James Matheson’s keepers shot a specimen of the turtle dove. This, I believe, is the only instance in which this bird has been met with so far north.
The Pheasant
When the pheasant was first introduced, it roosted habitually on the trees near Stornoway Castle. This it seldom does now. Has it, too, learned something by experience? It has nothing to dread from fox, or polecat, or ermine; and the marten, which would be destructive to it, frequents a distant locality.
The Black Grouse
Efforts have been made to introduce the black grouse, but they have not as yet been successful. Walker seems to have met with it on the occasion of his visit to these islands. He says, “The stomach of the black-cock is often found stuffed in spring with the Polypodium vulgare;” and adds, “This is the only certain instance that has occurred of any animal living upon a plant of the fern kind in this country.”
Ptarmigan
Ptarmigan are very common, especially on the Lewis slopes of the Harris hills.
The red grouse
The red grouse is not fit for shooting till about September.
Gruidae
The Grey Crane
One species of Gruidae, the grey crane, has several times been shot in severe winter weather.
Pluvialidae
Of the Pluvialidae, the golden plover is very abundant in the moors during summer.
The Golden Plover
In winter it retires to the shore. The dotterel is seen in June and July, and the ring-plover is very abundant throughout the year. Mr Macgillivray says that the lapwing is of extremely rare occurrence in the Hebrides. This is a mistake; I saw it frequently. Its habits as to change of place are similar to those of the golden plover. The turnstone is met with during winter.
The Oyster-catcher
The oyster-catcher is abundant. I found several nests on a shelving rock near Gallan Head, with eggs in them, on the 14th of June. In some the shell was beginning to break, and the “peep-peep” of the chick could be heard. In the Fern Islands the young of this bird appear a fortnight earlier. The nesting-place was a hollow in the large rock, without lining of any kind.
Tringidae
Of the Tringidae…
The Grey and Purple Sandpiper
The grey sandpiper arrives in small flocks in September and the purple sandpiper for a few weeks in spring.
The Dunlin
The dunlin is abundant on the Uig coast in June,
The Sanderling
The sanderling arrives early in September, and departs in March.
The Curlew
The curlew is abundant.
The Whimbrel
The whimbrel is seen in May for a short time. It does not seem to breed in Lewis.
Totanidae
The Totanidae are represented by the redshank, which is not common, and is seen only in summer.
Scolopacidae
Three species of Scolopacidae are met with.
The Common Snipe and the Jack-snipe
The common snipe is abundant throughout the year and the jack-snipe is not common in winter.
The Woodcock
The woodcock arrives, but not in great numbers, in October. In no case have they been known to remain during summer.
The Common Heron
The common heron is often observed in winter; very seldom at any other season.
The Water-rail & The Land-rail
The water-rail is not common. It is found throughout the year. The land-rail [corncrake] arrives between the middle and end of May; but a curious fact was brought under my notice in regard to it: its cry is frequently heard in Bernera, Uig, ten days or a week earlier than in the Long Island itself.
Anatidae
No fewer than nineteen species of Anatidae have been met with in Lewis. Among these,
The Grey Lap & The Bean Goose
The Grey lap and bean goose are seen occasionally in winter.
The Pink-footed and Short-billed Goose
The pink-footed or short-billed goose breeds in the Flannen Islands
The White-fronted Goose, The Swan, Shieldrake, Selvet and Black Scoters
The white-fronted goose, the swan, shieldrake, velvet and black scoters, appear in winter.
The Pintail Teal
The pintail teal is rare.
The Wigeon
The wigeon has frequently been shot in Lewis, though Mr Macgillivray says, “In the north of Scotland they are uncommon; on its north-west coast scarcely ever seen; in the Outer Hebrides, I believe, never.”
The broad-billed scaup duck
The broad-billed scaup duck is a rare winter visitant.
The eider duck
The eider duck breeds in the Flannen Isles. I saw a pair which had been brought to Bernera two days before my visit.
The Goldeneyes
I observed a pair of the golden-eye on a small lake in Uig in June. I watched them with a field-glass for about an hour. One of Sir James Matheson’s keepers was with me, but they never came within gun-shot.
The gooseander
The gooseander breeds occasionally in the district.
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